Methods of tempering by water Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Techniques for hardening by water - Coursework Example The income from the fares is then reinvested towards buying food stuff and hardware so as to continue the quickly developing economy of Qatar (Mclachlan, 2010). The current high oil costs are answerable for ensuring that Qatar has an ideal equalization of installment. It ought to anyway be noticed that, the country’s reliance isn't feasible and its oil holds are required to be totally spent continuously 2023. This has prompted the administration of Qatar moving its concentration towards the advancement of the flammable gas industry. The legislature has left on an arrangement to build its creation of fluid flammable gas that has been ascribed just like the significant main thrust in Qatar’s fast development levels as of late. There are continuous designs to extend the creation of (LNG) exponentially, which as indicated by gauges, will make the nation the greatest exporter of LNG on the planet. In 2010, Qatar’s significant accomplice in import exchange was the US and it represented 11.8% of all imports of Qatar denoting a move from Japan, which had been the primary exchange accomplice fares and imports with Qatar. The country’s remote exchange has developed quickly lately on account of advancements in the oil, gas businesses and related foundation endeavors. In 2009 for instance, the rate balance for products increased from $ 25,555million in 2009 to $ 53,863million in 2010 which was an expansion of 110.8%.I n 2010, the fares of merchandise including ere trades was evaluated to be $95,736 million which was 75% of the general ostensible GDP. The all out imports into Qatar somewhere in the range of 2006 and 2010 expanded by 41.4 % because of the improvement in, monetary exercises combined with Qatar’s hydrocarbon increment underway and expansion. A critical segment of the imported things included metal and apparatus that are fundamental for the advancement of the hydrocarbon business of Qatar. Also, there were increments in consumption on non-oil materials for

Where To Buy Essays Papers

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International Marketing Segmentation

Question: Talk about the International Marketing Segmentation. Answer: Presentation Worldwide market basically can be characterized as the market where exchanges should be possible into one nation to another. Truly it is a showcasing standards application which is proceeding onward globally. Universal market is as same as worldwide market. The trading of items and administrations are finished by the worldwide market (Xepapadeas 2013). In Australia, there are various kinds of Fruit Grower Company and Apple Pear Australia Limited (APAL) is one of them. The organization was built up in 1981. Already it was named as Australian Apple and Pear Grower Association (AAPGA). In 2001, the organization named as Apple and Pear Australia Limited (APAL). Since 2014-15, the industry of Apple is significant around $556 million then again the business of Pear is important around $125 million. It implies that the joined estimations of Apple and Pear are $681 million. For this APAL has the most elevated an incentive in organic products industry and it is the best natural product producer organization in Australia. In International market, the organization has made a developing belonging inside the nation. The point of the organization is to give best item to the nation and furthermore outside nation. APAL needs to offer best administrations and items to the entire nation and it is generally developing in global market. APAL is presen tly most well known organization and have crucial qualities in over the whole worldwide market (Turnbull and Valla 2013). Plan to extend the organization into International market Apple and Pear Australian Limited (APAL) is the best natural product cultivator organization in Australia which is developing admirably in the showcasing procedure. It has wide scope of impact in the promoting division. The organization builds the potential yield and diminishes the expense of creation. It is the top natural product cultivator organization in Australia. The organization likewise centers around online deals in the market. Its net revenue expands each year and gives different offices to their clients. Boosts the clients advantages and improves the perceivability of items and furthermore gives the rules to each brand in the market. It incorporates all norms and guarantee brands of the items. The goal of these brands is to convey the remarkable experience to the client inside the market division (VERBOZ, BUCAK ATAY, 2013). APAL, a natural product developing organization is intending to extend its business to worldwide market division. Despite the fact that it has wide scope of effect in the Australia, the organization needs to grow up their business into the entire world and the organization is developing as well. It is presently spreading around 16 nations barring Australia into the world like Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, United States and so forth. As the supervisor of the organization, APAL natural product developing organization is intending to deliver more items inside the entire nation for the better assistance of the clients and furthermore wanting to give more items fulfillment to the entire 16 nations. Entire inspecting framework must be kept up by the organization universally like information about the item, amount and nature of the items and paces of the items in the market (WineTech 2015). Distinguishing proof of best nation for the item As it is talked about over that the organization has grown up into overall market division however there are some significant fixings into the organization. The administrator needs to distinguish that in which nation the item has more interest in such a case that request builds, the flexibly of the item remains diminishes. Then again, if gracefully of the item expands, the interest will diminish. Hence the chief of the organization needs to recognize its companys items for better fulfillment of the individuals needs. After discoveries, it has been viewed as that the APAL natural product developing organization is broadly running out in the overall market and now it is intending to extend the organization in South Asia nation in light of the fact that the way of life of the individuals in South Asia is exceptionally high. They interest for these items in enormous amount. The organization gives every regular asset to the nation where individuals of the nation can meet their necessity. The organization is giving veritable and new item to the nation to grow the business. The organization needs to give legitimate fulfillment to the individuals of the nation. For this, the organization produce more and deal the items at popularity in the market. The organization is attempting to give more items to the nation and needed to working up an enormous part of the organization in South Asia (Ceperley 2013). Showcasing plan for the South Asia (Chosen Country) Presently the APAL organic product developing organization is making arrangement of 5 years advertising system in South Asia based on its last year key arrangement. So as to make the showcasing plan of organic product developing organization in South Asia, the organization needs to know the normal assets of the nation. The great work on promoting on brand situating, CRM, understanding of customers, guarantee and online networking, site direct advertising and inside showcasing are the primary parts of the organization in South Asia. The organization is completing two kinds of plans, for example, advertising plan and marketable strategy in the South Asia to accomplish the objective of the organization. The advertising plan of the organization fundamentally ropes the methodology and result of its organization. The organization is intending to build the quantity of deals in the nation since individuals request higher for the item and furthermore getting improved their familiarity with th e item in the market division. In next 5 years the organization will generally extend in the South Asia nation on the grounds that the organization is reflecting at high pace of development in that nation (Ronkainen 2013). There are different kinds of International advertising plan of the organization in South Asia, for example, creation plan and human asset plan. These plans help the organization as inner and outer condition in the nation. The organization sets a rich target that how to accomplish the objective of the business inside the serious market (Plangger and Shapiro 2012). Figure 1: Marketing plan in South Asia Source: www.learnmarketing.net/marketingplan/us/ Why the nation is appropriate South Asia nation is entirely reasonable for the results of the organization since this is a very much evolved nation and the way of life of individuals in the nation is high. So as to make a showcasing plan in the South Asia nation, the organization must have some significant parts like situational investigation, methodology of advertising, determining deals and planned costs. Every one of these fixings should be possible in that organization. The organization additionally anticipates some particular deals battle to build up the business in the nation. There is a usage of senior promoting master to fragment the market plan effectively. The nation is reasonable on the grounds that it has the requirements of such items. There isn't any possibility hazard and issues in the nation (Czinkota 2013). Method of reasoning and passage mode In todays world, the universal market of APAL organic product developing organization in Australia has gotten exceptionally grown up and making a huge amount of item inside the worldwide market. The technique for the section mode is relying on the business, result of the organization and the impact of the ecological examination of promoting. So as to joining of the organization, it must be caused some immediate and backhanded costs. Contracting with another nation is another type of passage technique for the organization. So as to join the promoting passage technique in South Asia, the organization must need to share its information and effectiveness to the host nation for its best turn of events. To maintain the business appropriately in the nation, the organization may cause some joint endeavor for the South Asia worldwide market. These strategies are demonstrated roar; Figure 2: Entry Method. Source: www.learnmarketing.net/internationalmarketing/us Natural examination The APAL natural product developing companys examination of condition in the South Asia contains some numeric strides at the hours of choosing to go into global market. There are some natural components to run the organization in South Asia, for example, political factor, affordable factor and social factor. In the organization there are numerous explanatory instruments wherein some are minimal normal and it is utilized in the organization essentially. PESTLE investigation is the fundamental element of ecological examination of the organization in South Asia. It is the instrument to achievement of the organic product developing organization in nation. The organization utilizes this investigation to grow up the organization in serious market. As per social factor, the organization is identified with the general public of the nation. Vitality and foundation innovation is to be considered in the nation of South Asia. With the assistance of PESTLE examination of ecological device the org anization can make determining of its items in the nation. (Conejo and Caizares 2016). Target clients profile and item situating As per Sweeting 2013, the clients profile alludes to the purchasing limit of the clients in the nation. To build up the promoting plan of the organization, the segment and Psychographic profile of the client is particularly required in light of the fact that it is trustworthy on the achievement of the business. Segment client profile incorporates conduct of individual portrayal. The organization must set up an item situating inside the nation to comprehend the idea of the client and to satisfy the fundamental needs of the clients. Presently the organization is attempting to create more items in South Asia in light of the fact that the requirements of the client are expanded inside the entire nation. There is likewise an item separation in the market, implies now and then organization contrasts its item and different companys item to make the upper hand of that item since advertise is serious in the South Asia nation (Sweeting 2013). End From the above conversation it has been reasoned that as APAL organic product developing organization is

General Essay Topics With Answers - Are They Worth Using?

General Essay Topics With Answers - Are They Worth Using?Are you wondering if you should include an essay topic with answers in your portfolio? You can certainly do so. It is important to show that you are a smart and educated person by including these topics in your portfolio. This way, you will be able to get additional and more jobs.When you list essays for the public high school, you will get different responses from students and teachers. Some will find it difficult to answer these questions. Others will not be able to answer them.The reason for this is because of the way you are teaching. The teachers will want to see that you are teaching students how to think and write well. You should be teaching them how to develop their skills and abilities in several subjects.You will find several general essay topics with answers included in your portfolio. When you start to teach students, they will see that you are telling them what to do. They will also be curious to know what you are saying. They will be eager to learn as much as possible.If you are teaching about one subject, you can include topics about others as well. You can also use these topics to teach the students the purpose of writing an essay.The teacher will look at the short essays that you have written for them. She will notice that there are several topics that are covered in this portfolio. In addition, she will also notice that you have done some preparation work.In fact, you should be creating quite a few topics for her to choose from. So you can use these topics to strengthen your teaching as well. You will be able to show that you are an excellent teacher who is willing to go the extra mile to help the students learn.

Cell Biology Lab Manual - 5674 Words

Mammalian Cell Culture Lab Manual Student guide of Cell Biology Laboratory Techniques 2012 Jay M. Feldman Cell Biology Professor Lagier 11/26/2012 Mammalian Cell Culture Lab Manual Student guide of Cell Biology Laboratory Techniques 2012 Jay M. Feldman Cell Biology Professor Lagier 11/26/2012 Table of Contents I. Introduction * About the author page 2 * Preface page 3 II. Laboratory Techniques * Cell Culture Technique page 4-5 * Sterile Technique page 6-7 * Media Preparation page 8-9 * Seed cells page 10 * Subculture page 11-12 * Cell count page 13-14 * Cryopreservation page 15 III. Laboratory Experiments * Intentional Contamination page 16-17†¦show more content†¦A. They are immortal B. They are epithelial cells C. They are cancer cells D. All of the above 3) What is an advantage of cell culture? A. Control the physiochemical environment of an experiment B. It is more fun than anti cell culture C. It is easier than anti cell culture D. All of the above Answers: 1) C 2) D 3) A Introduction to Sterile Technique * What is Sterile Technique? Sterile technique is the process of executing cell culture procedures without introducing contaminating microorganisms (bacteria) from the environment * Sterilize vs Sanitize The difference between sanitization and sterilization is that when you sanitize something, you are getting rid of MOST of the live bacteria. It takes about 30 seconds and we perform this using 70% ethanol or Lysol. When we sterilize something, we make free of ALL live bacteria. Sterilization is done with an autoclave or by gas sterilize (this is not done in lab). -Something that is sterilized is also considered sanitized, but if something is sanitized, it is not sterile. * Personal Hygiene By definition, personal hygiene is the act of grooming, cleaning, and looking after our bodies. In cell biology lab, personal hygiene will be necessary in order to keep contaminants from your body from reaching your cells. 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Root Aesthetics China And The Three Perfections Of The...

Root Aesthetics: China In china, painting, calligraphy and poetry are traditionally referred to as the â€Å"three perfections† of the cultivated scholar. The three are constructed as ethico-aestetic acts. They are usually evaluated as to their efficacy in fostering the harmonious relationship of social exchanges within the circumstances that are concrete within a particular social context. The Chinese poetic tradition believes in the existence of correlations that are fundamental and mutually implicating between the nature patterns and the human culture. This is said to be the origin of Chinese first two traditional poems. First, there is the traditional canonical where a poem was believed to invoke a pre-establish network of coloration between the world and the poet. This enabled the imagery to be read as verbal indices of both relative stability and personal feeling. The second poem was the non-traditional canonicals of neo-Daoist.the Daoism are said to be Buddhist inspired poems. These poems rep resent the shift from didactic to an effective power of natural imagery that helps to make reference to the poet’s thoughts. Daoism is an indigenous traditional philosophy that is believed to have widely shaped the Chinese people’s life for over 2000 years. In a wider sense, Daioist attitude towards life is seen as the yielding and accepting, the joyful and the carefree side of the Chinese people. The main assumption of the Chinese aesthetics is that the phenomenal world reflects theShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagespigeon-holing (p. 35). 1990 Preface This book is divided into four sections, and it groups ten chapters corresponding to twelve previously published articles. The disparity between ten and twelve is caused by the fact that Chapter 5 was condensed out of three separate articles. As the title indicates, the articles included in this volume have been selected exclusively from the author s writings on cinematographic problems.* Since this is, therefore, a collection, I have not tried to eliminate or disguiseRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganization theory, there is a widely perceived need to bring some order to the field. This textbook offers a well-integrated synthesis of approaches to organization theory. It will be welcomed by organization theory scholars and reflective practitioners and is a valuable companion for scholars and students of organization theory. Henk W. Volberda, Chair of the Department of Strategic Management Business Environment and Vice-Dean of the RSM Erasmus University, Netherlands At last, a text that bringsRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesnew initiatives and new management reverse a decline? KPMG (A) – managing change in professional services. Xerox – difficulties with leadership at the global giant. UNHCR – managing change in a global not-for-profit organisation. Burtons (A,B,C) – three stages of a retailer’s development under different leaders. Key: ââ€" Ã¢â€"  = major focus ââ€"  = important subsidiary focus Introduction to strategy Business environment: general Five forces analysis Capability analysis Corporate governance Stakeholder expectationsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesof Power 283 Abuse of Power 285 Strategies for Gaining Organizational Power 286 The Necessity of Power and Empowerment 286 Sources of Personal Power 288 Sources of Positional Power 293 Transforming Power into Influence 298 Influence Strategies: The Three Rs 298 The Pros and Cons of Each Strategy 300 Acting Assertively: Neutralizing Influence Attempts 304 SKILL ANALYSIS 310 Case Involving Power and Influence 310 River Woods Plant Manager 310 SKILL PRACTICE 311 Exercise for Gaining Power 311 RepairingRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pageseconomics (e.g., price setting was viewed as a simple supply/demand issue), advertising (well developed by 1900), or in most cases were simply not yet explored (e.g., customer purchase behavior, importance of distribution pa rtners). Lead by marketing scholars from several major universities, the development of marketing was in large part motivated by the need to dissect in greater detail relationships and behaviors that existed between sellers and buyers. In particular, the study of marketing lead sellers

Project Management Methodologies and Project Life Cycle

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Methodologies and Project Life Cycle. Answer: Methodology and its Role in Project Management Methodology is set of guidelines and standards that are followed during any Information Technology (IT) and other projects (Marchewka, 2014). Methodology of a project includes specific definitions, rules, designs and research methods that must be followed by the individuals involved in the project. Methodology mainly emphasizes on two distinct parts: Design The design produced in the project must be easy to understand, efficient, effective and meeting the requirements of the project. Content The content must be disciplined and contain critical review of the project supervisors. Methodology is a very important part of project management. Firstly, a specific methodology guides the project members to proceed in the correct direction (Kerzner, 2013). Moreover, in project management, using suitable methodology increases the success probability of the project as well as determination of the suitable deliverables of the project. Some of the benefits of methodology in project management are as follows (Kloppenborg, 2014): Effective Decision Making Methodology helps in effective decision making in a project management task. Methodology also guides the project members in the right direction such that they take the right decisions during the course of the project. Save Money and Time Selecting the right methodology helps in saving a large amount of money and time (Schwalbe, 2015). If wrong methodology is followed, huge amount of time is consumed and additional expenses are encountered. Control of Project Scope Methodology also helps in defining the project scopes that are to be explored during the course of the project. Solutions to Problems Many problems are encountered during a project management task (Burke, 2013). Use of suitable methodology can help in solving the problems as solutions are already provided in the methodology. Comparison between two selected Methodologies Two methodologies chosen from the list are Agile and Waterfall. The method in which continuous iteration processes are executed in the development and testing phases of a project is called Agile Methodology. On the other hand, Waterfall Methodology is a non-iterative design of a software development where the processes are executed one below the other until the end goal is achieved (Palmquist et al., 2013). The similarities between Agile and Waterfall Methodology are as follows: Both of the methodologies are used to create an execution plan before the start of the actual project. Early lock down is achieved in both the methodologies. Sequential execution is observed in both the methodologies. In both the methodologies, execution can only be done after the previous step is successfully completed, i.e. all the steps must be executed successfully. Both of the methodologies can be used for documentation of each of the project steps. Both the methodologies can be used for meeting the requirements of the project. The differences between the two methodologies are as follows: Agile Methodology Waterfall Methodology It is based on iterative execution of steps It is based on sequential execution of steps This methodology is broken down into separate models and then approached This methodology does not support breaking down Agile methodology does not have a definite work structure, iterations are continued according to the errors and issues encountered Waterfall methodology has a specific breakdown structure that must be followed in a sequential manner As it is an iterative process, errors encountered are solved immediately in order to progress to the next part After the whole project is complete, testing is conducted and only then, errors are encountered and solved User Acceptance is used in all parts of the project User Acceptance is only used at the conclusion of the project Relation between Chosen Methodologies and Project Life Cycle Agile Methodology and Project Life Cycle (PLC) In agile methodology, iterative testing processes are conducted. After an error is encountered, changes are made and the testing process is repeated (Palmquist et al., 2013). Based on the test results, changes are made in the different sections of the PLC, thus providing it the right direction so that the project is completed successfully. Waterfall Methodology and Project Life Cycle (PLC) Waterfall model is an inseparable part of Project Life Cycle. During the development phase of the project life cycle, the project is broken down to several parts within the project life cycle that are then executed in a sequential manner. However, no part of the PLC can be left incomplete before completion of the project (Palmquist et al., 2013). Once a part in the sequential order is done completely, then the next part can be executed. References Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kloppenborg, T. (2014).Contemporary project management. Nelson Education. Marchewka, J. T. (2014).Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Palmquist, M. S., Lapham, M. A., Miller, S., Chick, T., Ozkaya, I. (2013).Parallel worlds: Agile and waterfall differences and similarities(No. CMU/SEI-2013-TN-021). Carnegie-Mellon Univ Pittsburgh Pa Software Engineering Inst. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.

The Levels of Protein Structures Essay Example

The Levels of Protein Structures Essay Proteins, one of the four main classes of organic compounds, are a fundamental building block of life. They are involved in everything organisms do, and in most of the cell’s processes. Proteins are found everywhere in the cell, locations vary from being suspended in the cytoplasm to being embedded in the cell membrane. They provide support, store amino acids, transport substances within the cell and between cells, detect and respond to chemical signals, combat diseases, and monitor chemical reactions in the cell. They have extremely complex and intricate structures, and display considerable diversity. Proteins are a varied group of organic compounds essential to life due to their unique structure and functions. The synthesis of proteins gives insight into their composition and structure. Proteins are made of a vast variety of combinations of twenty different monomers called amino acids. These monomers can be assembled into polymers called polypeptides. Protein synthesis begins after transcription, when an mRNA molecule moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores bearing coded instructions for the creation of a single protein. This messenger RNA interacts with a ribosome, an organelle consisting of proteins and rRNA that serves as the site of protein assembly. The ribosome is made of two subunits; the molecule of mRNA binds to one of these subunits, called the small ribosomal subunit. Binding to the subunit triggers the approach of a molecule of tRNA, which has an antiocodon complementary to the first of the mRNA’s codon. The tRNA picks up the amino acid specified by the instructions and attaches to the mRNA, and the other subunit, the large ribosomal subunit, binds to this, completing the ribosome structure. The next tRNA molecule, with an anticodon matching the second codon of the mRNA, arrives and once again attaches to the mRNA with an amino acid. The amino acids are bonded together using energy from ATP. Each We will write a custom essay sample on The Levels of Protein Structures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Levels of Protein Structures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Levels of Protein Structures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Does online profiling mirrors or creates identities The WritePass Journal

Does online profiling mirrors or creates identities Introduction Does online profiling mirrors or creates identities IntroductionWHAT IS ONLINE PROFILING.WHAT IS IDENTITYKEY ISSUES: The diffusion of internet-freedom or constrain?ONLINE vers. OFFLINE IDENTITYCONSUMPTION AND DATA PROFILINGCONCLUDING THOUGHTSReferences:Related Introduction WHAT IS ONLINE PROFILING. Online consumer profiling is a complex phenomena that can be researched from a variety of perspectives. First of all, it is obviously an advertising technique that revolutionized the effectiveness of targeted advertising. However, online consumer profiling is not just a smart way to reach consumers. Consumer profiling has been present in advertising for a long time now, with theorists arguing about its possible effects on society and consumers. Greg Elmer(2004), in his work ‘Profiling machines: Mapping the Personal Information Economy’ provides an overview of some of the standpoints with regards to profiling. From the perspective of Foucault’s famous concept of panopticon, profiling is presented as means of exercising surveillance in the societies of control(Elmer, 2004). Foucault suggests that in such societies the differences between reward and punishment are blurred(Emler, 2004), this can be illustrated by some of the online consumer profiling techniques. For example, checking the weather forecast online, usually requires from us typing in our zip code. This initial reward( i.e the perspective of getting free and accurate information on weather in our area) ends up being a punishment. Ultimately, we provide advertisers with important geographic data that can then be used for consumer profiling. Similarly to Foucault,   Dandekre (cited in Elmer, 2004) sees profiling as a part of society of control. In fact, according to Dandekre, profiling is a sign of modern surveillance which signifies the shift from the supervision to bureaucratic surveillance, which is a lot more invasive and depends highly on technology. Elmer(2004) states that profiling is an ongoing distribution and collection of information about desires, habits and location of groups or individuals. Moreover, Elmer(2004) suggests that consumers actively assist in creating profiling databases, as all collected data are being cross referenced. Lyon(The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society, 1994) seems to share this view, as he sees consumers as self communicating entities, triggering their own inclusion into system of surveillance, that works through a series of seductions and solicitations. In terms of profiling effects on society, there are two main standpoints. Gandy(1993) in The Panopticon: a Political Economy of Personal Information views profiling as a system of sorting both individuals and whole communities into abstract categories that is unavoidably discriminatory. He continues to say that this system forces individuals wants and desires into ‘larger, rationalized and easily diagnosable profiles’(Elmer,2004,23). On the other hand, R.A Clarke(Information Technology and Dataveillance, 1988) sees profiling as a system of predicting ‘deviant behavior’ and fails to recognize possible risk of prejudice or discrimination. Early works on profiling seem to focus more on the effects it has on communities, as profiling was seen more as a part of the shift towards technology. However, with the fast development of internet and more advanced profiling techniques there seem to be more interest in the position of the individual in the process of online consumer profiling. WHAT IS IDENTITY According to John Deighton(2005), who analyzed the consumer identity motives in the information age, identity can be defined as a cluster of characteristics that we display in a social setting (2005,236). In the digital setting, the characteristics that construct identity are being grouped, coded and manipulated. In the cybernetic sense identity is used as a point of   reference for who one is or aspires to be(236). Author stresses the crucial part identity plays in analyzing consumption, as it could be a source of information on one’s habits, dislikes or desires. When discussing identity, Deighton(2005) also touches up on the notion of ‘being identified’(237). Being ‘identified’ means to be observed   or recognized and   in the off-line setting, this notion relies heavily on the facial/physical recognition. However, in the digital world, it is our online activity that enables us to be identified. The lack of ‘face’ in the digital setting, creates space for us to take on many identities. Deighton(2005) (247) sees identity as an opposite of anonymity and suggest that in an online world, we lose our anonymity by simply ‘signing in’. With that in mind, the techniques used to identify an individual online provoke many theoretical questions about the authenticity of online identity. boyd(2001) maintains that users need to gain awareness of the data they leave online, in order to construct truthful identities. However, because as online users, we have no control or knowledge on what data is being archived there is no way to verify its accuracy. Boyd does not necessarily condemn all corporate efforts to ‘reconstruct’ the individual through digital data. Her focus seem to remain on consumers’ right to access the collected data   and use to build self-awareness(46). She introduces the concept of a digital mirror(53), linked to Lancan’s mirror stage of development, during which a child acknowledges themselves as a unique individual for the first time(53). Boyd(2001) maintains that the lack of material body online, pushes users into using digital representations, that serve as an online agent constructing our identity. Through online personal profiles, we gain an illusion of control over our online identity. However, boyd(2001) stresses that even though we hold control over a limited amount of information, the way we perceive ourselves online is different from the way others see us(53). In that respect, boyd(2001) puts a particular emphasis on the data aggregation online, which means that information on our current online activity is combined with the information from the past(53). It is argued that providing users with information on their personal data   that can be accessed by third parties, would allow to provide feedback and adjust one’s online behavior and as a result gain greater control over their online identity.(54) One of the most important issues in online consumer profiling is the notion of individual versus consumer identity. Gandy(1993) maintains that profiling categorizes one’s desires and wants into broader and simplified profiles. Therefore, how accurately does it mirror one’s personality? Is consumer identity different from our non-consumer identity? Are they one and the same thing? Or is consumer identity simply a part of our identity just like race or sex.? This and similar questions are being posed by theorists researching online consumer profiling. Similarly to Daighton(2005), Zwick and Dholakia(2004) in ‘Whose identity is it anyway? Consumer Identity in the age of Database marketing’ stress that today consumer is no longer anonymous due to the ‘digitazation ‘of the market space. This means that once information became digital it can be stored in the database for years and shared as a binary bit. Authors seem to lean towards the post-structuralist perspective of data based marketing technologies as a discourse, which constructs a consumer as a cultural object and then uses as a target for marketing purposes. Due to the fast development of profiling techniques, an online consumer can be tracked and analyzed during every minute of their online activity. This information can provide an invaluable insight into consumer’s nature. Zwick and Dholakia(2004) suggest that market database becomes consumer’s identity and therefore has to be looked at as a form of language, as it attempts to make sense of the world and create a system of representation. Drawing from Foucault’s, Zwick and Dholakia(2004), state that every system of representation, in no matter what form, articulate newly ordered spaces of knowledge, in which an object of representation becomes(†¦) known.(p.3) Acknowledging market databases as a form of language, enables us to look at consumers as cultural objects. Ziwck and Dholakia(2004) suggest that because of market databases’ linguistic power, our own ability to construct identity is threatened. Consumers become objects constituted through the performative powers of market database   discourse. Limited ability of consumers to construct their own identity is one of the effects of online consumer profiling and database marketing, discussed by Zwick and Dholakia(2004). This is because consumers are lacking control over the language that constitutes their identities. In that respect, consumers’ participation is denied in the digital market space. To put simply, it could be suggested that online profiling constructs and forces identities upon consumers. ZwickDholakia(2004)stress that most databases do not refer back to the consumers after tracking and analyzing their online activity. This can suggest that these databases are being created to suit marketer’s needs rather than to truthfully reflect consumers’ identities. More importantly, the accuracy of such databases can easily be undermined. One consumer is most likely to be recorded in several databases that can differ in focus, structure and size. In this case, databases construct multitude of representation of the same consumer, who is being assigned several different persona to take on in the digital marketplace. This results in, consumer being ‘a blended, digital simulation whose ‘nature’ depends on the composition of the databses’(Zwick and Dholakia,38 2004) Zwick and Dholakia(2004) see online profiling mainly as means to construct a customer rather than to reflect a customers’ identity. Authors acknowledge consumers’ minor participation, in the process of creating database, which is limited to acts of online consumption. However, consumers do not have the control over how much and what kind of information is being collected, despite numerous online privacy options. Zwick and Dholakia(2004), unlike most theorists, do not seem to be preoccupied with the issue of online privacy with regards to online profiling. Authors suggest that, in most cases, the creation of online consumer identities takes place without the participation of a ‘real’ consumer. KEY ISSUES: The diffusion of internet-freedom or constrain? The issue of increased internet control has been raised also by David Bell(in CREEBER 2008), who talks about the diffusion of the internet. On one hand internet can be seen as empowering and reaching towards greater openness and freedom of speech and access to information. On the other hand, internet’s great ability to control and dominate its users is becoming more apparent. Furthermore, Bell(2008) notices how internet is being used by corporate capitalism to influence users and propagate its agendas. With that respect, Bell appears to share Henry Jenkins’ view of digital divide and monopolization of internet by corporations.(Creeber, 2008) However, the issue that Bell(2008) seems concerned with the most is the invasive nature of internet. Nowadays, he argues, we tend to evacuate real life into digital spaces. Social networking sites and e-commerce are equivalents of aspects of life that used to belong to ‘real’ life. Not only, do we live a significant part of life online, we also bring cyberspace into real life. With the emergence of new technologies like Ipads and mobiles with internet connection we can experience cyberspace, with all its flaws and advantages, almost all the time(Bell, 2008). This extreme growth in internet usage and accessibility opens a whole new world to consumer profiling. danah boyd examines the connections between identity and participation in social networking websites. She illustrates the great extent to which social networking sites ‘invaded’ the offline world. In ‘None of this is Real Identity and Participation in Friendster’(2008) author mentions the ubiquity of Friendster in the surrounding offline world. With people signed in on the website on their laptops in a local cafà ©, rockstars encouraging fans to join the online community during a concert and social networking websites being a topic of conversation in offline social situation(boyd, 2008), online advertising platforms become a part of popular culture. McAllister and Matthew(2003) talk about the increasingly blurring differences between commercial and popular culture. With the intrusion of commercial values on popular culture, advertisers gain the ability to brand spaces from outside of commercial culture and therefore manipulate consumers to engage with consumer culture at all times. However, the synergy of popular and commercial culture is not the only factor facilitating the development of online advertising. The lack of understanding and clear distinction between private and public in the online environment (Stern, 2004), often leads to users sharing more information that they would in an offline environment, resulting in internet being an extremely important source of consumer information(Faber et al, 2004). Faber et al point out that one of the fastest developing trends in online advertising is research analyzing content areas not traditionally associated with advertising, for example internet sponsorship(2004,3). Marketers ability to track user’s online activity, offers the opportunity to generate ‘personalized’ advertising. Faber et al refers to information flexibility(2004,11) to describe the phenomenon of tailoring advertisements to suit needs and desires of particular customers. Faber et al maintains that personalization of banner ads, increases the likelihood of user engaging in the ad(2004,5). Personalized ad can be key-word activated or   generated using consumer database(2004,5). Gadzheva(2007) maintains that due to the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) much more personal data is being processed online, making it extremely difficult to supervise(2007,63). Any traces of data ‘left’ by a user during their online activity can be correlated to produce consumer profiles, usually without user’s knowledge(2007,64). Although consumers are often portrayed as victims of internet technology, Glen Creeber(2008) in his work, provides and alternative perspective on approaches towards internet and its effect on individuals. Postmodern standpoint sees consumption as a basis of today’s existence with consumer culture determining cultural sphere of our life(Creeber, 2008). This approach looks at technology as a way of improving audience’s active participation and is a lot more positive than some of the standpoints that often demonize new media. Creeber(2008), drawing on Levinson’s work, suggests that postmodern audience is seen as participants rather than just voyeurs. Similarly, post structuralist perspective assumes that audience is able to resist ideological meanings present in the new media advertising(Creeber, 2008). It also acknowledges audiences’ role in creating the meanings, as post structuralism focuses more on how new media messages are being decoded by the audience, rather than how producers encode them. This approach has been highly criticized by more skeptical theorists. Postman(1985 Amusing ourselves to death ) points out that the alleged choice and active participation offered by the internet is only illusionary. In reality, because internet has been monopolized by corporations, it reduces options available to audience to the same commodified, consumerist produc(Creeber,21, 2008). Critics of post structuralism and post modernism perceive audience as not being able to acknowledge the illusionary nature of the propaganda messages conveyed by the internet. KEY ISSUES ONLINE vers. OFFLINE IDENTITY With different approaches to internet audience, internet profiling, needs to be looked at from the perspective of consumer identities. In simplified terms, internet profiling aims to study consumers’ identities using a variety of data available online. Data used for the analysis is consumers personal information but also their needs and desires, often expressed through their consumer choices. Therefore, from marketers point of view, to reach ‘a true’ insight into one’s identity, consumer has to be analyzed from the perspective of the identity signaling . This approach, however, provokes a debate over how truthful such analysis could be. Berger and Heath(2007) suggest that consumers buy products not only for their function but also for what they symbolize, we buy products but also the ideologies behind them. Partially, our consumer choices are based on what products we feel express or match our personality, life style. However, we also make consumer choices that aim at constructing our desired identity(Berger and Heath, 2007) Of course, it is not only advertisers who scrutinise our consumer choices, it is also others who make assumption about our preferences or social status based on our purchases(Berger and Heath, 2007).Drawing on McCracken’s concept of meaning movement, Berger and Heath (2007) suggests that individuals’   tastes communicate identity, as others make assumptions based on the groups or â€Å"types† of individuals that are commonly associated with particular taste . It is argued, however, that using a similar model of ‘associations’, advertisers are in charge of creating norms of behaviour for consumers(Beckett, 2008, Reflective consumer). Advertisers anticipate consumer’s needs and desires by cross referencing online activity of other, similar consumers. Therefore apart from responding to current consumer’s needs, advertisers also aim at developing those needs. Rettberg Walker (2009) examines the ways in which social media create representations of its users. Author focuses on the data filtering mechanisms, employed by social media in order to offer us simplified templates or narratives of our life. Rettberg-Walker sees those representations as positive phenomena, enabling consumers to analyse their own life, made out of data retrieved from the internet. Author stresses also that in the 21st century we become used to online technologies and acknowledge our participation in the online environment. Internet offers us a chance to express our identities rather than uncritically accept the mass media representations of the world (436).   Rettberg-Walker also acknowledges the limitations of users participation in the web. Author maintains that freedom of expression online is nowadays greatly controlled by commercial interest and mass customisation based on templates and segments. The literal example of this phenomena, would be social networking sites that provide users with templates to fill in with personal data(460). Rettberg- Walker’s interest focuses on how we construct personal narratives in response to larger cultural templates, often exploited by mass media. Even though Rettberg-Walker, states that most internet users will follow the existing templates and copy   the already generated content, it’s the individual contributions to larger cultural templates that matter (460). One could suggest that ‘template generated’ identity lacks authenticity or creativity, however Rettberg-Walker   argues that above all it provides a sense of belonging, as observing our life displayed online in a similar manner to celebrities, for example, we gain the feeling of inclusion into a larger cultural template(464). The longing for the inclusion into larger cultural patterns may be rooted in the modern issue of social and psychological identity. Gabriel Lang(2006) in Unmanageable Consumer examines the issues of modern identity and its relation to consumption. Author suggest that a modern day individual constructs their identity through consumption and it is the consumer ethic, rather than work, that lays at the basis of our existence(84). One could argue that Lang’s point of view constitutes the basis for online profiling. Thus, if in modernity identities are being constructed through consumption, then marketers are right in ‘profiling’ users based on their online consumption patterns. Allison Hear expands the concept of identity construction through consumption and analyses the idea of ‘self-branding’, being a form of project of the self that leads to increasingly blurred distinctions between product and consumer. Hear explains that self-branding constitutes of conscious construction of self-images through the usage of mass media cultural representations and templates of mainstream cultural industries, which leads to generating value and material profit(198). Hear draws attention to significant differences between exercising branded self in an online and ‘real world’ environment. Author stresses that today social network sites are the centre of both social interactions as well as consumption(210). Social network sites enable users to manage their own online profiles and connect with other users, who engage in similar activities. Each user creates an online representation of their identity or particular aspects of it. Allison maintains tha t it is the ‘questionnaire like’ formats of social network profiles that encourage users to reveal their preferences, mainly in relation to mass media culture, consequently exposing their specific consumer tastes (210). The important notion of self branding on social network sites revolves around the multiplicity of roles that a user takes on online. By carefully designing our online representations, we become authors or as Allison puts it ‘actors’ of our own digital narratives. However, we also act as ‘promotional objects’, displaying chosen traits of our personality to convey a particular message and its symbolic appeal, in order to create value of our representations(211). Allison argues that this approach encourages users to perceive themselves as ‘commodities’, not only because of the ‘branded’ nature of the profiles they create but also the ongoing contest of popularity on the social network websites. Users add n umerous ‘friends’ to their profiles, in order to display their popularity in the social circle(211). Users profiles, according to Allison, are both created and consumed as a commodity. However, another important aspect of online self-branding, is the advertisement aspect of all popular social network sites, which appear to be a perfect platform for reaching a specific segment of consumers. It is to do with their ability to attract specific type of demographics and deliver advertisements in a ‘non-intrusive’ way. Users often engage with the advertisements out of their own will, by ,for example, joining a group dedicated to a specific brand or product. Advertisers set up profiles of particular products, which users can add to their ‘friends list’ and then receive regular updates alongside with information on their ‘real’ friends. This increasingly tight bond between product and consumer, is concluded by Allison as a collapse of distinctions between notions of the self,   processes of production and consumption(212). With the products invading the digital representations of users identities, marketers reach a new way of promoti ng the brand. It is the users that are made to ‘work’ and spread the popularity of a product. Allison suggests that the process of self branding is a form of labour, which serves people to transform nature into objects of their imagination(213). Without a doubt creating a digital representation of one’s self involves a substantial amount of labour, revolving around choosing the right aspects of our identity to be represented. In that sense, it is no different from self-presentation in a real world environment. However, the problem with digital representation of one’s self seem to be based around the exploitation of the self-branding labour. One could argue, that the digital profiles of users, no longer serve to represent their identity but to promote a particular product. CONSUMPTION AND DATA PROFILING Antony Becket(2008) provides an overview of Peppers and Rogers work that examines the shift from traditional marketing to collaborative marketing. Authors provide a critique of mass marketing as well as   describe the mechanisms of customer relationship management, which lays at the basis of collaborative marketing. Online targeting, through suggestion and recommendations, is a perfect example of marketer’s attempt to implement a more interactive ‘one to one’ marketing. Peppers and Rogers(Beckett, 2008) see technology as a vital part of developing customer-producer relationship as well as forming customer identity. Beckett(2008) focuses also on debates on power relations between producers and consumers, with special emphasis on the role of consumer. Beckett(2008) suggests that modern social theory of identity construction, as the ’reflexive’ self is highly related to contemporary patterns of consumption. In today’s world we engage in an ongoing process of identity formation through active, reflexive decisions, including our consumer choices. Reflexive consumption is seen by some as liberating as it offers consumers the opportunity to construct desired identities. On the other hand, Beckett maintains that reflexivity could be looked at from the perspective of governmentality, as locating individuals in relation to power and authority(Becket,2008,302). Becket continues to say, that from this perspective reflexivity could be seen as a mechanism of control and domination, through shaping consumers’ needs and   desires to suit particular agenda. Becket(2008) also discusses Peppers’ and Rogers’ extended critique of mass marketing and their claim about RM and CRM being a remedy to problems with mass marketing. Peppers and Rogers identified three main critiques of mass marketing : the loss of consumer’s individuality, inability to recognize loyal and non-loyal customers and lack of dialogue between producers and customers. Authors suggest that marketing should shift away from the concepts of mass marketing and aim at establishing collaborative marketing, which engages customers in ongoing, collaborative activities with the producers(2008,304). Collaborative marketing aims at ‘identifying’ the individual consumers and classifying them based on their value to the producer. Therefore, in order to achieve that, producer has to engage the consumer into the technologies that allow to ‘get to know’ them.(2008,306). Becket(2008) suggests that with the emergence of complex softwares and databases, customer relationship management has reached another level of customer classification. It is because of the emergence of innovative tracking technologies that producers are being given the power to govern and influence individuals’ needs and customer value. Becket(2008,306) gives example of loyalty cards or electronic databases to illustrate how consumers are being involved in a network of ‘surveillance’ technologies. Becket(2008, seems to clearly mark his opinion on whether markets create people’s needs and identities. Author states that producer can nowadays anticipate and alter possible future purchases. One way of doing it is by comparison with other shoppers. This would suggest that consumers are being categorised and altered to fit the ‘norm’. The process of ‘normalisation’ can be executed through for example, recommendation ads or personalised e-mails. In the eyes of producers, customers become an active participant when they respond to those recommendations(Becket, 2008,308). Manipulation, according to Becket (2008), happens on two levels. First level is based on creating norms of behaviour through recommendations ads. Secondly, producers aim at engaging consumers with the market, in order to turn them into savvy, active participants. In reality, it is just another way to programme customers to be susceptible to marketing techniques. However, is there perhaps another way of looking at the mechanisms of collaborative marketing’? After all, as Becket(2008) reminds us, the goals of customer relationship marketing promise an improved lifestyle for the customer. ‘Active’ consumers have the chance to engage with marketers to satisfy their needs and better the quality of their life through consumption.   Becket(2008), drawing on Peppers and Rogers work, presents an alternative version of society, where consumers are not necessarily simply either manipulated or authoritative. The reflexive consumption, puts consumers in a position of collaborator. Peppers and Rogers(Becket, 2008, 311) present a vision where consumption is liberating, as a consumer can reach a better life style through ‘active’ consumption. All in all, Becket’s(2008) work comes down to a dilemma between collaborative marketing offering a greater freedom, wider variety of choice and life style improvement achieved through consumption and collaborative marketing being a constrain mechanism, that promotes ‘unnatural’ need for consumption. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS The problem of online profiling provokes a debate over the increasing intervention of technology into our privacy. There has been a considerable amount of literature devoted to the problem of blurred distinctions between private and public in the online environment. However, the problem of the influence of recommendation ads on the identity construction has not gathered enough direct attention. Although, the debate on the diffusion of the internet is strongly linked to the issue of online targeting. Since, if internet can be seen both as liberating and constraining, so does online targeting. On one hand, online targeting offers liberation through direct marketing, enhanced, individualized consumption. On the other hand, it traps us in categories of norms of behaviour, tricks us to believe that the recommendation ad has been generated especially for us and therefore are suitable for us. However, acknowledging the increasing influence of targeted advertising on creating norms of behaviour which ultimately aims at shaping our online behaviour, brings up social anxieties with regards to online surveillance. Sceptics may question the extent to which targeted advertising can shape one’s identity. Nonetheless, it cannot be ignored that targeted advertising exercise the power to reinforce social divisions(Lyon,1994,156). Through targeting consumers based on the information available online, which places them into particular segments, online advertising mimics the existing social divides.   It is the advertisers who predicts our tastes and decide on our value. These sorting mechanism result in groups of consumers being excluded from particular advertising simply because of their consumer profile. Lyon(1994,156) maintains that when analysing the nature of modern consumption surveillance, we have to take into consideration both how data-subject are constituted as consumers and how their consumption pattern is being interpreted through the means of commercial surveillance. Without a doubt, online targeted advertising is an issue surrounded with controversy and ethical dilemmas. With the fast development of new media technologies and general synergy of popular and consumer culture, the role it plays in defining modern society becomes more apparent. References: Berger, J. A Heath, C. (2007). Where Consumers Diverge from Others: Identity Signalling and Product Domains. Journal of Consumer Research. 34 (August), pp.121-130. Creeber,G Martin, R (2008). Digital cultures: Understanding the media. Milton Keyns: Open University Press. 11-46 . Elmer, G (2004) Profiling Machines: Mapping the Personal Information Technology. United States of America: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Gandy, O.H (1993)   The panoptic sort : a political economy of personal information. Oxford: Westview Press. Clarke R. (1988) Information Technology and Dataveillance. Retrieved from rogerclarke.com/DV/CACM88.html on 14th of February 2011. McAllister, P (2003) Is Commercial Culture Popular Culture? A Question for Popular Communication Scholars. Popular Communication, 2003, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p41- 49p. Lyon, D (1994) The Electronic Eye: The Rise of surveillance Society. United states of America: Univeristy of Minessota Press. Rottberg Walker, J (2009)Freshly Generated for you and Barack Obama: How Social Media Represent Your Life. European Journal of Communication 24,pp.451-466. Zwick, D Dholakia, N. (2004). Whose Identity Is It Anyway? Consumer Representation in the Age of Database Marketing. Journal of Macromarketing. 24 (31), pp.31-41.

Philosophy (practical ethics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy (practical ethics) - Essay Example In this brief paper, Mackinnon’s arguments are analyzed in the light of the possible consequences censorship of pornography can create. Before looking at Mackinnon’s attitude to pornography, it is essential to see what pornography really means. The traditional view is that pornography is any sexually explicit material that generates sexual arousal in the consumers. As it encourages sexual promiscuity and as it is morally and religiously bad, it should not be permitted in society. It has been seen as an affront to decent family life. It destroys valuable institutions like family, and also it spoils human character. The traditional view is seen as patriarchal. Those who believe in this view are not worried about women’s oppression caused by pornography. But women, like Mackinnon, find pornography as an extreme form of harassment to women. According to her, the central issue of pornography is the oppression of women. There are certain vital issues, says Mackinnon, emerging from the production of pornography, which will come up for discussion below. The greatest harm done, feels Mackinnon, is the inequalit y it creates. Mackinnon’s efforts are to empower women with legal powers, knowing well that the production of pornography is basically the result of the traditional male view of a woman. In one sense, pornography is speech. And it is not mere speech but action. And the action is seen in two forms. The first is when pornography is produced, and the second is when it is viewed. Therefore, in her ordinance which she drafted, she stressed the need to see resistance to pornography as a civil right. Mackinnon has been severely criticized for this because it goes against the First Amendment. â€Å"The First Amendment is founded on the proposition, set forth so beautifully by J.S. Mill in On Liberty, that good speech ultimately drives out bad† (Spectacle). Mackinnon’s attempt to see racial equality with woman’s equality

Critique on the Article, An Anorexic's Recovery. by Leanna Rutherford Lab Report

Critique on the Article, An Anorexic's Recovery. by Leanna Rutherford - Lab Report Example According to Rutherford, she "was 17 and in her [my] graduating year of high school when she [I] decided that she [I] wanted to lose weight" (n.p.). Studies show that mostly, adolescent young women are affected by this mental illness. And women are more prone than men; although, in some cases men can also be a candidate for this disorder. American Psychiatric Association viewed this as a psychological disorder affecting mainly young women (American Psychiatric Association, 1984) and recent reports suggest a long-term increasing incidence of the problem (Lucas, 1991; Lucas et al., 1991; Willi & Grossman, 1983). The article, "An Anorexic's Recovery" is a timely way of informing people/readers of this lethal psychological disorder through the experience of the writer on this illness. As a narrative article, the point of views of the writer was emphasized on her accounts of battling the mental disorder. The worst part of anorexia is the determination of factors that causes the disorder. Until now, there is no exact cause of anorexia nervosa. However, researchers on the field of medicine and psychology suggested that factors in general could be categorized as follows: Cultural Pressure - Just like in the case of Rutherford, cultural pressure played as the main role why she suffered from anorexia. . Rutherford "wanted to impress the boys in university and she [I] thought being thin would help. So she [I] went on a diet"(n.p.). (eHealthMD, 2005) claimed that "in many societies, being extremely thin is the standard of beauty for women and represents success, happiness, and self-control.(p.3). Cultural pressure seems to be the primary cause of why some suffer from this mental disorder. In the article, this was the only cause stated; however, below you can see that not only cultural pressure is to be blamed but other factors as well. Psychological Issues - People who have low self-esteem, poor body image, rigid thinking patterns, perfectionism, feelings of ineffectiveness, physical or sexual abuse, and need for control are prone on developing anorexia. Psychological imbalances may be a by-factor of having the disorder. Rutherford's case may seem to imply that she may have suffered from the need of being perfect, although the writer projected that being good in school or things he did imply that he is psychologically stable: "I was an honors student when I entered university and had an 82 percent average after my first semester. I had made lots of friends and had balanced my social and academic obligations". In view points of psychology, anorexia is a mental illness and therefore has a lot to do with psychological issues. Rutherford may have overlooked this issue on his article. Family Environment - Some family upbringings may be factors to the development of anorexia. The families of people who have the disorder are more expected to be rigid, overprotective, and suffocating closeness. In these situations, anorexia nervosa builds up as a way of fighting back for individuality and independence. Genetic Factors - According to (Wade, et.al, 2000) "anorexia shares a genetic risk with clinical depression" (p.157). People who have

Of Mice and Men - Essay - Lonely Characters Discussion Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Lonely Characters Discussion Essay In the opening chapter of Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck immediately introduces the theme of loneliness and the reality of men living very temporary lives with no real direction. Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life that not even the strongest can avoid. Throughout the story, readers discover many sources of loneliness and isolation. Candy is an old ranch worker who lost his hand a few years back while working. He is a lonely man who owns an old, smelly, disabled dog that can hardly walk. This really was his only companion. In the end his dog was shot. Candys life was heading in the isolation direction even further. The quote on page 59 Spose I went in with you guys. Thats three hundred and fifty bucks Id put in. Howd that be? This was his effort to try and join in with George and Lennies dream ranch. Crooks is a black Negro Stable Buck who wears glasses and has a busted back. He is an extremely lonely man and probably the loneliest in the novel due to his complexion. He is treated by the others in a rude manner and is left sitting in his little room helpless with an uncomfortable bed which makes his back worse. The quote on page 67-68 You got no right to come into my room. This heres my room. Nobody got any right in here but me. This is how he reacted to the treatment he was getting, but in the end he was quiet a nice guy to know. Curleys Wife is a very lonely woman who wears red mules, has red fingernails, full rouged lips and hair rolled in clusters. She has no name throughout the entire book to reinforce how insignificant a person she is. Her life with her husband was nothing to do with loving each other because she didnt even like Curley because he was not a nice bloke. The quote on page 87 Coulda been in the movies, an had nice clothes tells us that her ambition was to become an actor. In the end she ended up being murdered by Lennie after trying to become his friend. George and Lennie, although unhappy at times, are not lonely, because they share a very close bond with each other, and have traveled together ever since Lennies Aunt Clara died. The only thing that seems to keep them working for next to nothing is the thought of owning their own ranch someday. In the final chapter Lennie states triumphantly on page 103 An I got you. We got each other, thats what, that gives a hoot in hell about us. In the end George felt he had to shoot Lennie himself, so that he would die instantly, rather than suffer as Curley killed him slowly and painfully. Lennies murder was Georges final act of friendship. But it also ended their long friendship and now George would be lonely as he traveled around from job to job. In conclusion the loneliest people in this story are Crooks, Candy and Curleys Wife. The friendship between George and Lennie was a strong bond all throughout the story, but it all ended when tragically George shot Lennie because he could no longer protect him any further.

The Light-dark Metaphor in Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad Essay

Throughout his narrative in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Charlie Marlow characterizes events, ideas, and locations that he encounters in terms of light or darkness. Embedded in Marlow's parlance is an ongoing metaphor equating light with knowledge and civility and darkness with mystery and savagery. When he begins his narrative, Marlow equates light and, therefore, civility, with reality, believing it to be a tangible expression of man's natural state. Similarly, Marlow uses darkness to depict savagery as a vice having absconded with nature. But as he proceeds deeper into the heart of the African jungle and begins to understand savagery as a primitive form of civilization and, therefore, a reflection on his own reality, the metaphor shifts, until the narrator raises his head at the end of the novel to discover that the Thames seemed to 'lead into the heart of an immense darkness.'' The alteration of the light-dark metaphor corresponds with Marlow's cognizance that t he only 'reality', 'truth', or 'light' about civilization is that it is, regardless of appearances, unreal, absurd, and shrouded in 'darkness'. Marlow uses the contrast between darkness and light to underscore the schism between the seemingly disparate realms of civility and savagery, repeatedly associating light with knowledge and truth; darkness with mystery and deceptive evil. When Marlow realizes that his aunt's acquaintances had misrepresented him to the Chief of the Inner Station, Marlow states, 'Light dawned upon me', as if to explicitly associate light with knowledge or cognizance. It is significant then, that Marlow later associates light with civilization. He describes the knights-errant who went out from the Thames to conquer... ... October 2002. Available: http://www.lawrence.edu/~johnson/heart. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness, New York: Dover, 1990. Hayes, Dorsha. "Heart of Darkness: An Aspect of the Shadow," Spring (1956): 43-47.. Levenson, Michael. "The Value of Facts in the Heart of Darkness." Nineteenth-Century Fiction 40 (1985):351-80. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992. Mellard, James. "Myth and Archetype in Heart of Darkness," Tennessee Studies in Literature 13 (1968): 1-15. Rosmarin, Adena. "Darkening the Reader: Reader Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness." Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's, 1989. Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. San Diego: U. of California P, 1979. 168-200, 249-53.

Explain how you can promote inclusion Essay

I teach on a one to one basis but if i was working in a classroom environment I would promote inclusion in the classroom by using various methods. These include Partnering different abilities of learners so they can learn from each other and all have a chance to get to know each other/work with each other. Asking different members of the classroom to give their opinions so all have the opportunity to contribute. Forming groups and varying the learners chosen to form these groups. Asking learners to be respectful of each others opinions and respecting when another member of the class or the teacher are speaking and not interrupting Encouraging open discussion and incorporating everyone into the discussions. Whether I am teaching in a group environment or one to one I would promote inclusion by using language that doesn’t discriminate, resources that reflects diversity and ensuring that I always remember that all students are different and I need to adapt to meet the need of each learner. It is also important to give the students the opportunity to give feedback on my teaching methods and content, thereby making them feel empowered within their learning environment. All learners will bring different skills and experiences with them to enhance the learning environment. Completing an individual learning plan for all learners makes it possible to adjust the course content to suit the individual learner. Implementing equality and diversity in the learning environment creates a happy and rewarding learning experience where learners will complete their learning with the confidence and qualifications to proceed further into life, work or education. Where required, a referral for internal or external help and support may be necessary.

Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency

To what extent can presidential power be restricted by Congress? Some believe the president holds broad power, citing this passage from Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. And from Section 3: [H]e shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. The view that the president holds total control over the executive branch is called the unitary executive theory. Unitary Executive Theory Under the George W. Bush administrations interpretation of the unitary executive theory, the president has authority over members of the executive branch. He functions as a CEO or Commander-in-Chief, and his power is restricted only by the U.S. Constitution as interpreted by the judiciary. Congress can hold the president accountable only by censure, impeachment or constitutional amendment. Legislation restricting the executive branch has no power. Imperial Presidency Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote The Imperial Presidency  in 1973,  a groundbreaking history of presidential power centering on an extensive critique of President Richard Nixon. New editions were published in 1989, 1998 and 2004, incorporating later administrations. Although they originally had different meanings, the terms imperial presidency and unitary executive theory are now used interchangeably, although the former has more negative connotations. Short History President George W. Bushs attempt to obtain increased wartime powers represented a troubling challenge to American civil liberties, but the challenge is not unprecedented: The Sedition Act of 1798 was selectively enforced by the Adams administration against newspaper writers who supported Thomas Jefferson, his challenger in the 1800 election.The very first landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in 1803,  Marbury v. Madison, established the power of the judiciary by resolving a separation-of-powers dispute between the president and Congress.President Andrew Jackson openly defied a Supreme Court ruling—the first, last, and only time that any U.S. president has done so—in Worcester v. Georgia  in  1832.  President Abraham Lincoln took on unprecedented wartime powers and violated multiple civil liberties on a large scale during the American Civil War,  including due process rights for U.S. citizens.During the first Red Scare following World War I, President Woodrow Wilson suppressed free speech, deported immigrants based on their political beliefs and ordered massive unconstitutional raids. His policies were so draconian that they inspire d protesters to form the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920.During World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order calling for the forced internment of over 120,000 Japanese Americans, as well as forced surveillance, ID cards and occasional relocation for immigrants from other perceived hostile nations.President Richard Nixon openly used executive branch law enforcement agencies to attack his political opponents and, in the case of Watergate, to actively cover up his supporters criminal activities.Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clinton all actively pursued expanded presidential powers. One particularly stunning example was President Clintons claim that sitting presidents are immune from lawsuits, a position the Supreme Court rejected in  Clinton v. Jones  in 1997.   Independent Counsel Congress passed several laws restricting the power of the executive branch after Nixons imperial presidency. Among these was the Independent Counsel Act which allows an employee of the Department of Justice, and thereby technically the executive branch, to operate outside the presidents authority when conducting investigations of the president or other executive branch officials. The Supreme Court found the Act to be constitutional in Morrison v. Olson  in 1988.   Line-Item Veto Although the concepts of the unitary executive and the imperial presidency are most often associated with Republicans, President Bill Clinton also worked to expand presidential powers. Most notable was his successful attempt to convince Congress to pass the Line-Item Veto Act of 1996, which allows the president to selectively veto specific parts of a bill without vetoing the entire bill. The Supreme Court struck down the Act in Clinton v. City of New York in 1998.   Presidential Signing Statements The presidential signing statement is similar to the line-item veto in that it allows a president to sign a bill while also specifying which parts of the bill he actually intends to enforce. Only 75 signing statements had ever been issued until the time of the Reagan administration. President Andrew Jackson issued only one.  Presidents Reagan, G.H.W. Bush and Clinton issued a total of 247 signing statements.President George W. Bush alone issued more than 130 signing statements, which tended to be more sweeping in scope than those of his predecessors.President Barack Obama issued 36 signing statements, even though he indicated in 2007 that he disapproved of this tool and would not overuse it.President Donald Trump had issued more than 40 signing statements through 2019. Possible Use of Torture The most controversial of President George W. Bushs signing statements was attached to an anti-torture bill drafted by Sen. John McCain (R-Arizona): The executive branch shall construe (the McCain Detainee Amendment) in a manner consistent with the constitutional authority of the President to supervise the unitary executive branch ... which will assist in achieving the shared objective of the Congress and the President ... of protecting the American people from further terrorist attacks.